Research Guide: Citations

OTHER SOURCES - APA Reference List

Image citation in APA: 

Dillon, T. (2020, February 18). Post mad bills show board in Portland, Maine [Photograph]. Unsplash. https://unsplash.com/photos/4u2FS6dm0EM 

Videos & DVDs - APA

DVD with Known Producer, Director, and/or Writer

Director's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given. (Director). (Year DVD was produced). Title of DVD [Film; optional descriptive information if DVD is a unique version]. Production Company.

Note: In general, you don't need to cite the format of a movie. However, include it if the information you are citing can be found only in that particular format or edition (e.g. special features or commentary).  

Example

Jackson, P. (Director). (2001). The lord of the rings: The fellowship of the ring [Film; four-disc special extended ed. on DVD]. WingNut Films; The Saul Zaentz Company.

Note: If there is more than one production company, separate their names with a semi-colon (;).

In-Text Paraphrase

(Director Last Name, Year)

Example: (Jackson, 2001)

In-Text Quote

(Director Last Name, Year, Time Stamp)

Example: (Jackson, 2001, 1:23:46)

Note: Because videos typically do not have page numbers, paragraph numbers or section headings, instead provide a time stamp for the beginning of the quotation.

Movie with Unknown Producer, Director and/or Writer

Title of movie [Film]. (Year Movie was Produced). Production Company.

Note: When the Director, Producer and/or Writer is not known, start the citation with the movie title.

Example

Era of viruses [Film]. (2006). Films for the Humanities and Sciences.

In-Text Paraphrase

(Title Of Movie, Year)

Example: (Era Of Viruses, 2006)

Note: Italicize the title of the DVD and capitalize the words for the in-text citation.

In-Text Quote

(Title Of Movie, Year, Time Stamp)

Example: (Era Of Viruses, 2006, 1:03:42)

Note: Italicize the title of the DVD and capitalize the words for the in-text citation.

Because videos typically do not have page numbers, paragraph numbers or section headings, instead provide a time stamp for the beginning of the quotation.

Mobile Application Software (Apps) - APA

Name of Company that created the application or Creator's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given (Year current version of the application was released). Name of application (Version version number if given) [Mobile application software]. Publisher Name or App Store. URL application was downloaded from.

Note: Only cite software and apps when they are not widely known or available. Citations are not needed for common apps such as Microsoft Word or Twitter.

Example

National Geographic Society (2012). National parks by National Geographic (Version 1.2) [Mobile app]. Apple App Store. http://www.apple.com/itunes/

In-Text Paraphrase

(Name of Company or Author's Last Name, Year)

Example: (National Geographic Society, 2012)

In-Text Quote

(Name of Company or Author's Last Name, Year)

Example: (National Geographic Society, 2012)

Note: Because apps typically do not have page numbers, paragraph numbers or section headings,this information is left out of the in-text citation.

Personal Communication - APA

Interviews and E-mail

Note: Interviews and e-mail are considered personal communications in APA style. They are cited within the text of your assignment, but do not get an entry on the References list. Put the citation right after a quote or paraphrased content from the interview or e-mail.

(First Initial of Person Who Was Interviewed or sent the e-mail. Second Initial if known. Last Name, personal communication, Month Day, Year interview took place or e-mail was received)

Citation examples
Example

"Infections are often contracted while patients are recovering in the hospital" (J. D. Black, personal communication, May 30, 2013)

Example

Note: If the name of the person who was interviewed is mentioned in the sentence leading into the quote or paraphrased content, you do not need to repeat it in the in-text citation.

J.D. Black explained that "infections are often contracted while patients are recovering in the hospital" (personal communication, May 30, 2013).

Note: Published interviews can appear in many types of sources (magazines, newspapers etc.). When citing published interviews, follow the guidelines for the type of source it was published in.

Indigenous Elders and Knowledge Keepers

Note: Official APA Style does not provide a format for citing oral teachings of Indigenous Elders and Knowledge Keepers.  These formats are offered following the recommendation from:

Last name, First Initial. Nation/Community. Treaty Territory if applicable. Where they live, if applicable. Topic/subject of communication if applicable. personal communication. Month Date, Year.

 

Example

Cardinal, D. Goodfish Cree Nation. Treaty 6. Lives in Edmonton. Oral teaching. personal communication. April 4, 2004.

In-Text Paraphrase

(Last Name, Year)

Example: (Cardinal, 2004)

In-Text Quote

(Last Name, Year)

Example: (Cardinal, 2004)

Note: This APA template does not provide specific rules for direct quoting indigenous elders, so this is a recommendation.

Class Notes, Class Lectures, & Presentations - APA

PowerPoint Slides from a Classroom Website or Learning Management System (Canvas, Blackboard, Moodle, etc.)

Instructor's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given. (Year Presentation Was Created). Title of presentation: Subtitle if any [PowerPoint presentation]. Name of Website or LMS. URL

Note: If slides come from a classroom website, learning management system (e.g., Canvas) or company intranet and you are writing for an audience with access to that resource, provide the name of the site and its URL (use the login page URL for sites requiring login).

Example

Straton, K. (2020). Introduction: APA citations [PowerPoint presentation]. Green River College Canvas. https://egator.greenriver.edu/login/canvas

Note: APA is capitalized because it is an acronym standing for American Psychological Association.

In-Text Paraphrase

(Instructor's Last Name, Year)

Example: (Straton 2020)

In-Text Quote

(Instructor's Last Name, Year, slide slide number)

Example (Straton, 2020, slide 6)

Note: APA does not provide specific rules for direct quoting of PowerPoint slides. We recommend giving the slide number.

PowerPoint Slides from a Website

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given. (Year Presentation Was Created). Title of presentation: Subtitle if any [PowerPoint presentation]. Name of Website if given. URL

Example

Kunka, J. L. (n.d.). Conquering the comma [PowerPoint presentation]. Purdue University Writing Lab Website. https://owl.english.purdue.edu/workshops/pp/index.html#presentations

In-Text Paraphrase

(Author's Last Name, Year)

Example: (Kunka, n.d.)

Note: When no date is given, use the initials "n.d." where you'd normally put the date.

In-Text Quote

(Author's Last Name, Year, slide slide number)

Example: (Kunka, n.d., slide 10)

Note: When no date is given, use the initials "n.d." where you'd normally put the date.

Note: APA does not provide specific rules for direct quoting of PowerPoint slides. We recommend giving the slide number.

Notes from Class Lectures

Note: Your own notes from a lecture are considered personal communications in APA style. They are cited within the text of your assignment, but do not get an entry on the References list. Put the citation right after a quote or paraphrased content from the class lecture.

(First Initial of Faculty Who Gave Lecture. Second Initial if known. Last Name, personal communication, Month Day, Year lecture took place)

Example

"Infections are often contracted while patients are recovering in the hospital" (J. D. Black, personal communication, May 30, 2012)

Example

Note: If the name of the person who was interviewed is mentioned in the sentence leading into the quote or paraphrased content, you do not need to repeat it in the in-text citation.

J.D. Black explained that "infections are often contracted while patients are recovering in the hospital" (personal communication, May 30, 2012).

Advertisements - APA

Advertisements in Print from a Magazine, Journal, or Newspaper - Known Title

Name of Company That Owns the Product. (Year, Month Day of issue which contains advertisement if known). Name of advertisement [Advertisement]. Name of Journal, Magazine or Newspaper, Volume(Issue) if known, page number advertisement is found on.

Example

BMW. (2011, June 4). Diesel reinvented [Advertisement]. Fictional Magazine, 7(1), 17.

In-Text Paraphrase

(Company Name, Year)

Example: (BMW, 2011)

In-Text Quote

(Company Name, Year, p. Page Number)

Example: (BMW, 2011, p. 17)

Advertisements in Print from a Magazine, Journal, or Newspaper - Unknown Title

Name of Company That Owns the Product. (Year, Month Day of issue which contains advertisement if known). [Advertisement for Name of Product being advertised]. Name of Journal, Magazine or Newspaper, Volume(Issue) if known, page number advertisement is found on.

Example

FedEx. (2011, May). [Advertisement for FedExCup]. Sample Magazine, 5(1), 30.

In-Text Paraphrase

(Company Name, Year)

Example: (FedEx, 2011)

In-Text Quote

(Company Name, Year, p. Page Number)

Example: (FedEx, 2011, p. 30)

Video Advertisement from YouTube posted by Advertiser

Name of Company That Owns the Product. (Year, Month Day Posted). Name of advertisement [Advertisement]. URL

Note: If you are citing an advertisement that has appeared at the beginning of another video, make sure to open the video advertisement in a new window to obtain the link for only the advertisement. 

Example

Google. (2017, October 16). Google Home Mini [Advertisement]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qbW9pug1pE8

Note: In the example above, all words of the title are capitalized because the advertisement is the same as the product name and is treated as a proper noun.

In-Text Paraphrase

(Company Name, Year)

Example: (Google, 2017)

In-Text Quote

(Company Name, Year)

Example: (Google, 2017)

Note: Because videos typically do not have page numbers, paragraph numbers or section headings,this information is left out of the in-text citation.

Video Advertisement from YouTube Posted by a YouTube User - Not the Advertiser

User Name that Posted the Video. (Year, Month Day Posted). Name of video [Advertisement]. URL

Example

TrendCrave. (2016, February 17). Top 10 best Super Bowl 50 commericals (2016 funniest ads) [Advertisement]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q2c2mPpvcpw

In-Text Paraphrase

(User Name, Year)

Example: (TrendCrave, 2016)

In-Text Quote

(User Name, Year)

Example: (TrendCrave, 2016)

Note: Because videos typically do not have page numbers, paragraph numbers or section headings,this information is left out of the in-text citation.

Advertisement on a Billboard

Name of Company that Owns the Product. (Year, Month Day Advertisement Viewed). Name of advertisement [Advertisement]. Location of Advertisement, City, Province, State or Country. 

Example

Tim Hortons. (2018, September 26). Cheddar cheese bagel [Advertisement]. Main Street and 12th Avenue, Vancouver, BC.

In-Text Paraphrase

(Company Name, Year)

Example: (Tim Hortons, 2018)

In-Text Quote

(Company Name, Year)

Example: (Tim Hortons, 2018)

Note: Because billboards do not have page numbers, paragraph number or section headings, this information is left out of the in-text citation.

Seneca College Libraries

This page is used/adapted with the permission of Seneca College Libraries. For information please contact lcc@senecacollege.ca.

Note: When copying this page, please retain this box.

Formatting

Formatting

Hanging Indents

All citations should be double spaced and have a hanging indent in a Reference List.

A "hanging indent" means that each subsequent line after the first line of your citation should be indented by 0.5 inches.

Hyperlinks

It is acceptable for hyperlinks to be blue and underlined (live) or black without underlining.

All hyperlinks must include https://

Do not put a period after DOIs or hyperlinks.

Translations

YOU READ THE BOOK/JOURNAL IN ITS ORIGINAL (NON-ENGLISH LANGUAGE):

If the original title of the work is a language different from that of the paper you are writing, provide a translation of the title in square brackets after the title.

Example:

Correa, A. L. (2019). La hija olvidada [The daughter’s tale]. Atria Books.

When a publisher provides an official translation for a work’s title (which is the case for La Hija Olvidada), use that in the reference list entry. Otherwise, translate the title yourself, ensuring that your translation captures the meaning of the title. The translation does not have to be literal; the purpose of including the translation is to give readers a sense of what the work is about.

this info is from the official APA blog: https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/citing-works-written-another-language

YOU READ THE ALREADY-TRANSLATED VERSION OF A BOOK/JOURNAL INTO ENGLISH FROM ANOTHER LANGUAGE:

Credit the translator or translators in the reference by writing the abbreviation “Trans.” after the translator’s name and placing both the name and abbreviation in parentheses after the title of the work (but before the period).

Example:
Piaget, J. (1972). Intellectual evolution from adolescence to adulthood (J. Bliss & H. Furth, Trans.). Human Development, 15(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1159/000271225 (Original work published 1970)

this info is from the official APA blog: https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/citing-translated-works