Image citation in APA:
Frankieleon. (2011, August 5). The world wide web [Photograph]. Flickr. https://flic.kr/p/aage4z
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year webpage was last updated/published, Month Day if given). Title of page: Subtitle (if any). Website name. URL
| Example |
Kmec, J. (2012, March 13). Where’s the Boss? And What Counts as “Work”? The Society Pages. https://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2012/03/13/wheres-the-boss-and-what-counts-as-work/ |
| In-Text Paraphrase |
(Author Last Name, Year) Example: (Kmec, 2012) |
| In-Text Quote |
(Author Last Name, Year, Section Name section, para. Paragraph Number if more than one paragraph in section) Example: (Kmec, 2012, para. 1) Note: When there are no visible page numbers or paragraph numbers, you may cite the section heading and the paragraph number to identify where your quote came from. |
Corporate or Group Name. (Year webpage was last updated/published, Month Day if given). Title of web page. Website name. URL
| Example |
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019, December 16). Vaccines during and after pregnancy. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pregnancy/vacc-during-after.html |
| In-Text Paraphrase |
(Corporate or Group Name, Year) Example: (Centers for Disease Control, 2019) |
| In-Text Quote |
(Corporate or Group Name, Year, Section Name section, para. Paragraph Number if more than one paragraph in section) Example: (Centers for Disease Control, 2019, Whooping Cough section, para. 3). Note: When there are no visible page numbers or paragraph numbers, you may cite the section heading and the paragraph number to identify where your quote came from. |
Title of page: Subtitle (if any). (Year webpage was last updated/published, Month Day if given). Name of Website. URL
| Example |
Timeline: Environmental movement (n.d.). The Canadian Encyclopedia. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/timeline/environment Or, to emphasize that the page could be updated, include a retrieval date: Timeline: Environmental movement (n.d.). The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 20, 2020, from https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/timeline/environment Note: For further explanation of retrieval dates, see the Tips section on this page. |
| In-Text Paraphrase |
(Shortened title, Year) Example: (Timeline: Environmental, n.d) |
| In-Text Quote |
(Shortened title, Year, Section Name section, para. Paragraph Number if more than one paragraph in section) Example: (Timeline: Environmental, n.d, Canadian National Parks Act section) Note: When there are no visible page numbers or paragraph numbers, you may cite the section heading and the number of the paragraph to identify where your quote came from. In this example, there is only one paragraph under the specific heading, so no paragraph number is needed. |
Name of Government Department, Agency or Committee. (Year of Publication, Month Day). Title of document: Subtitle if given (edition if given and is not first edition). Publisher if different from author. URL
| Example |
Ontario Ministry of Children and Youth Services. (2010, April 27). Your preschool child's speech and language development. http://www.children.gov.on.ca/htdocs/English/topics/earlychildhood/ speechlanguage/brochure_preschool.aspx |
| In-Text Paraphrase |
(Name of Government Department, Agency or Committee, Year) Example: (Ontario Ministry of Children and Youth Services, 2010) |
| In-Text Quote |
(Name of Government Department, Agency or Committee, Year, Section Name section, para. Paragraph Number if more than one paragraph in section) (Ontario Ministry of Children and Youth Services, 2010, By Age Five section, para. 4) Note: When there are no visible page numbers or paragraph numbers, you may cite the section heading and the number of the paragraph to identify where your quote came from. |
Corporation/Group/Organization's Name. (Year report was last updated/published, Month Day if given). Title of report: Subtitle if given (Pub. No. Publication Number if given). Website Name if different from author. URL
| Example |
College of Nurses of Ontario. (2009). Practice standard: Ethics (Pub. No. 41034). http://www.cno.org/docs/prac/41034_Ethics.pdf Note: If there was a chapter or section number instead of a publication number, it would be included after the title in the same place as the publication number: (Chapter xx) or (Section xx). |
| In-Text Paraphrase |
(Corporation/Group's Name, Year) Example: (College of Nurses of Ontario, 2009) |
| In-Text Quote |
(Corporation/Group's Name, Year, p. Page Number) Example: (College of Nurses of Ontario, 2009, p. 4) |
Follow guidelines for citing source type and add letters (a, b, c...etc.) after date
| Example |
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022a). Measles. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/diseases/measles Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022b). Mumps. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/diseases/mumps World Health Organization. (n.d.-a). Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants. https://www.who.int/activities/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants World Health Organization. (n.d.-b). https://www.who.int/campaigns/vaccine-equity |
| In-Text Paraphrase |
(Author, Year, letter) Example: (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2023b) Example: (World Health Organization, n.d.-a) |
| In-Text Quote |
(Author, Year, letter, page number or para.) Example: (College of Nurses of Ontario, 2023b, para. 5) Example: (World Health Organization, n.d-a, section 4, para. 2) |
from APA Manual Seventh Edition 8.19, 9.47
Creator Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. OR Creator Alias. (Year of Publication, if available). Title of the artwork [Format]. Title of the Website. URL
| Example |
Bansky. (2004). Gansta rat [Online image]. https://www.artsy.net/artwork/bansky-gangsta-rat-113 |
| In-Text Paraphrase |
(Creator's Last Name/Alias, Year) Example: (Banksy, 2009) |
Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. of person who posted the video if known. [User name that posted the video] . (Year video was posted, Month Day). Title of video [Video]. Name of Website. url
Note: According to APA, for citing purposes the person who posted/uploaded the video is credited as the author.
| Example |
Nye, B. [TheRealBillNye]. (2009, April 8). Bill Nye the science guy on energy [Video]. YouTube. http://youtu.be/0ASLLiuejAo |
| In-Text Paraphrase |
(Creator's Last Name, Year) Example: (Nye, 2009) |
| In-Text Quote |
(Creator's Last Name, Year, Time Stamp) Example: (Nye, 2009, 2:12) Note: Because videos typically do not have page numbers, paragraph numbers or section headings, instead provide a time stamp for the beginning of the quotation. |
User name that posted the video. (Year video was posted, Month Day). Title of video [Video]. Name of Website. url
Note: According to APA, for citing purposes the person who posted the video is credited as the author.
| Example |
All Aces Media. (2012, January 19). Often awesome the series [Video]. Vimeo. http://vimeo.com/35311255 |
| In-Text Paraphrase |
(User name, Year) Example: (All Aces Media, 2012) |
| In-Text Quote |
(User name, Year, Time Stamp) Example: (All Aces Media, 2012, 3:17) Note: Because videos typically do not have page numbers, paragraph numbers or section headings, instead provide a time stamp for the beginning of the quotation. |
Director's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Director). (Year of Publication). Title of Movie [Film]. Production Company.
Note: Only specify how you watched a film (on DVD, streaming, etc.) when it is important to indicate a specific version. Put this information in in the square brackets following the word "Film" and a semicolon. If you have more than one director use (Directors) instead and separate their names with commas, adding an ampersand (&) before the final name. If the director is unknown, credit someone in a similar role (producer/writer) and put their job title in round brackets after their name.
| Example |
Gitlitz, R. (Director). (2017). The story of Diana [Film]. ABC Entertainment. |
| In-Text Paraphrase |
(Director Last name, Year) Example: (Gitlitz, 2017) |
| In-Text Quote |
(Director Last name, Year, Time Stamp) Example: (Gitlitz, 2017, 51:45) Note: Because videos typically do not have page numbers, paragraph numbers or section headings, instead provide a time stamp for the beginning of the quotation. |
Writer's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Writer), & Director's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Director). (Year the episode was originally aired, Month Day if known). Title of episode (Season Number, Episode Number) [TV series episode]. In Executive Producer's First Initial. Last Name (Executive Producer), Television series name. Production Company.
Note: Include the writer and director for the episode and put their job title in round brackets after their name. If one person did both jobs use (Writer & Director).
Cite the URL for the log-in page instead of the URL for the actual movie. Omit the URL if the TV episode was viewed on cable television rather than online.
| Example |
Oakley, B. K. (Writer), & Lynch, J. (Director). (2020, January 1). The Key (Season 6, Episode 5) [TV series episode]. In D. Mirkin, J. L. Brooks, & S. Simon (Executive Producers), Vikings. History. |
| In-Text Paraphrase |
(Writer & Director Last Names, Year) Example: (Oakley & Lynch, 2020) |
| In-Text Quote |
(Writer & Director Last Names, Year, Time Stamp) Example: (Oakley & Lynch, 2020, 17:53) Note: Because videos typically do not have page numbers, paragraph numbers or section headings, instead provide a time stamp for the beginning of the quotation. |
Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. or name of Publisher of content. (Year content was created, if available). Title of content [Fact sheet]. Database Name.
Note: Original content from a database differs from articles in a database because there may not be a known author or date. Often this content can be referred to as a "fact sheet" thought not always.
| Example |
SchoolData. (n.d.). Pediatrician - duties [Fact sheet]. Career Planner. |
| In-Text Paraphrase |
(Creator's Last Name/Publisher, Year) Example: (SchoolData, n.d.) |
Author's Last Name, First intial. Second Initial if Given or Username if real name not provided. (Year blog post was published, Month Day). Title of blog post. Title of Blog. URL
| Example |
Dobbs, D. (2012, June 13). Fun in cities: Feature, not bug. Wired Science. http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/06/fun-in-cities-feature-not-bug/ Note: If the blog author's real name is not provided, use their username instead. |
| In-Text Paraphrase |
(Author's Last Name, Year) Example: (Dobbs, 2012) |
| In-Text Quote |
(Author's Last Name, Year, Section Heading section if given) Example: (Dobbs, 2012) Note: This blog post has no page numbers, paragraph numbers or section headings so this information is left out of the in-text citation. |
Director/Producer/Host's Last Name, First intial. Second Initial if Given. (Role in the production e.g. Host, Director, Producer) (Year podcast was released, Month Day if given). Title of podcast episode: Subtitle if given (episode number if known) [Audio podcast episode]. In Title of Podcast. Publisher. URL if known
| Example |
O’Brien, C. (Host). (2020, July 6). Tom Hanks (Ep. 79) [Audio podcast episode]. In Conan O’Brien needs a friend. Team Coco. https://www.earwolf.com/episode/tom-hanks-2/ |
| In-Text Paraphrase |
(Director/Producer/Host's Last Name, Year) Example: (O'Brien, 2020) |
| In-Text Quote |
(Director/Producer/Host's Last Name, Year) Example: (O'Brien, 2020) Note: Because podcasts do not have page numbers, paragraph numbers or section headings,this information is left out of the in-text citation. |
Author last name, First initial. Second initial if given [@Twitter user name]. (Year tweet was posted, Month Day). Text of post up to the first twenty words [Tweet]. Twitter. URL
| Example |
Giridharadas, A. [@AnandWrites]. (2020, January 17). The fallacy of our age is that we can lift up those down below without interfering with those standing [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/AnandWrites/status/1218203291982749697 Note: Write out the actual text of the post in the citation and keep spelling, capitalization, and grammar the same as in the original, even if there are errors. Include any emojis that are present. If there is multimedia content note it in square brackets after the post (eg. [Video]). |
| In-Text Paraphrase |
(Last name, Year) Example: (Giridharadas, 2020) Note: if there is no author last name, use the name of the account as you would with a group author. |
| In-Text Quote |
(Twitter user name, Year) Example: (Giridharadas, 2020) Note: Because tweets do not have page numbers, paragraph numbers or section headings,this information is left out of the in-text citation. |
You are required to cite images that you insert into essays and visual presentations.
Note: For artificial intelligence-created images, see: Images Generated by an AI Tool
In the body of the essay or in a visual presentation:
More Farmers in Peru Have Stopped Planting Coca, Opting for Cacao and Coffee
Note. From Peruvian Prosperity: From Coca Farmer to Chocolate Maker, by N. Guitierrez, 2016, USAID (https://www.usaid.gov/results-data/success-stories/coca-farmer-chocolate-maker). Copyright 2016 by USAID.
USAID. (2016, September). Peruvian prosperity: From coca farmer to chocolate maker. https://www.usaid.gov/results-data/success-stories/coca-farmer-chocolate-maker
If you refer to information from an image, chart, table or graph, but do not insert it in your essay or presentation, create a citation both in-text and on your Reference list.
If the information is part of another format, for example a book, magazine article, encyclopedia, etc., cite the work it came from.
If you are only making a passing reference to a well known image, you would not have to cite it, e.g. describing someone as having a Mona Lisa smile.
There are not yet official APA Guidelines on how to cite artificial intelligence-created-sources.(AI)
However the APA Style Team is working on ways to address citing these types of tools. Below are their interim suggestions from the blog How to Cite ChatGPT which follow the APA reference template for software. These guidelines may change. When they do, they will be updated here.
Developer of the AI tool (Year current version of the tool was released). Name of AI tool (Version number if given) [Type of AI]. URL of the tool
| Example |
OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Jun 21 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com |
| In-Text and Paraphrase and In-Text Quote |
(Developer of the AI tool, year).
Note:
Example 1: When prompted with “What are the barriers that undocumented students face in higher education?” the ChatGPT-generated text indicated not only financial barriers like lack of access to financial aid and difficulty finding employment, but also isolation and fear deportation that add even more stress to their college experience (OpenAI, 2023). Example 2: When prompted with “How is neurodiversity an asset in the airline industry?” the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that neurodiverse individuals sometimes “possess heightened sensory perception and attention to environmental clues” which can help them “identify potential risks or anomalies in the aviation environment” (OpenAI, 2023, see Supplementary Materials for the full transcript). |
If you cite multiple artificial intelligence-generated texts in one projects, you may need to refer to:
There are not yet official APA Guidelines on how to cite artificial intelligence-created-sources.(AI). When guidelines are published, they will be updated here.
Below is a suggestion for the reference citation and image inserted into the body of the work that follows the APA reference template for images, charts, tables and graphs
In the body of the work:
| Example citation on Reference page |
OpenAI. (2023). DALL-E (Version 2) [Transformer language model]. https://labs.openai.com |
| Image inserted in body of work |
Figure 1 AI and the Whimsy of Imagination
Note. Image generated using the prompt "Create a graphic-novel-style image of an anteater playing a guitar while balancing on a ball," by OpenAI, DALL-E, 2023 (https://labs.openai.com). |
If you cite multiple artificial intelligence-generated texts in one projects, you may need to refer to:
This page is used/adapted with the permission of Seneca College Libraries. For information please contact lcc@senecacollege.ca.
Note: When copying this page, please retain this box.
All citations should be double spaced and have a hanging indent in a Reference List.
A "hanging indent" means that each subsequent line after the first line of your citation should be indented by 0.5 inches.
It is acceptable for hyperlinks to be blue and underlined (live) or black without underlining.
All hyperlinks must include https://
Do not put a period after DOIs or hyperlinks.
Be careful! Just because you found something on the web, it doesn’t mean you are citing a website.
Look at the material closely – is it a journal article? A newspaper article? An encyclopedia? An eBook? Use the format that best describes the item. APA treats a source as a website only when it does not fit another category.
Author
It can sometimes be difficult to find out who the author of a website is. Remember that an author can be a corporation or group, not only a specific person. Author information can sometimes be found under an "About" section on a website.
If there is no known author, you can start the citation with the title of the website instead. However, APA tends to reserve this type of citation for a very small set of sources: for example, The Bible and some dictionaries and encyclopedias such as Wikipedia (which should not form a central part of your research).
Date
The best date to use for a website is the date that the content was last updated. Otherwise look for a copyright or original publication date. Unfortunately this information may not be provided or may be hard to find. Often date information is put on the bottom of the pages of a website.
If you do not know the complete date, put as much information as you can find. For example you may have a year but no month or day.
If there is no date provided, put the letters (n.d.) in round brackets where you'd normally put the date.
Title
Titles of websites should be in plain text but use italics for webpages, articles, etc.
Retrieval Date
Most website citations in APA 7th Edition do not require a retrieval date. Unfortunately, however, determining which situations require this date can be challenging. If you use a stable, archived version of a web page, no retrieval date is needed. But if you use a web page that is continually updated, providing a retrieval date can help clarify inconsistencies between the page when you viewed it and when it was viewed by your reader.
Long URLs
If a URL is too long to fit onto one line, try to break it at a slash (/).
If the original title of the work is a language different from that of the paper you are writing, provide a translation of the title in square brackets after the title.
Example:
Correa, A. L. (2019). La hija olvidada [The daughter’s tale]. Atria Books.
When a publisher provides an official translation for a work’s title (which is the case for La Hija Olvidada), use that in the reference list entry. Otherwise, translate the title yourself, ensuring that your translation captures the meaning of the title. The translation does not have to be literal; the purpose of including the translation is to give readers a sense of what the work is about.
this info is from the official APA blog: https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/citing-works-written-another-language
Credit the translator or translators in the reference by writing the abbreviation “Trans.” after the translator’s name and placing both the name and abbreviation in parentheses after the title of the work (but before the period).
Example:
Piaget, J. (1972). Intellectual evolution from adolescence to adulthood (J. Bliss & H. Furth, Trans.). Human Development, 15(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1159/000271225 (Original work published 1970)
this info is from the official APA blog: https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/citing-translated-works
