If your instructor allows you the option of NOT following one of the traditional citation styles (APA, MLA...etc.), you still need to give credit to the sources you use.

One approach:

WHO WHAT WHERE WHEN Formula - an alternative to traditional citations

When you credit a source (usually at the end of your project or essay) include as much of the information below as relevant, but at minimum, make sure to include *WHO and *WHERE:

• *WHO is responsible for the information or content?
  • Provide the name of specific people or the name of the organization or group responsible
  • Provide an indication of their credibility: their authority, background or experience
• WHAT are you crediting? (this is optional to include)
  • If possible, provide the type: is it a book, a website, a speech, a blog, a video...etc.
• *WHERE can this information be found?
  • If digital, provide the website address
  • If not digital, provide the name of the source
• WHEN was the information created? (this is optional to include)
  • If relevant (if date is important to your audience or to locate your source)

Try It!

Use any of the tools on this guide to create citations for the following:

Option A:

1. First, create an APA citation (the full citation that would go at the end of a project or on a References page) for this source:

2. Then, create an APA in-text citation for this direct quote from paragraph 3 of that same source:

"The Constitution does not define voting as a right, and who possesses this privilege has been fluid throughout American history"

Option B: 

1. First, create an APA citation (the full citation that would go at the end of a project or on a References page) for this source:

2. Then, create an APA in-text citation for this direct quote from page 77 of that same source:

"Despite the lack of legal grounds for sanctuary, throughout sanctuary’s history in the United States, authorities have rarely intervened, even when well aware that someone was taking sanctuary in a religious building"

Option C:

1.  First, create an APA citation (the full citation that would go at the end of a project or on a References page) for this source:

2. Then, create an APA in-text citation for this direct quote from page 16 of that same source:

“State and local governments continue to pass laws that regulate the lives of immigrants, blurring the boundaries between controlling immigrants and controlling immigration”

Option D:

1. First, create an APA citation (the full citation that would go at the end of a project or on a References page) for this source:

2. Then, create an APA in-text citation for this direct quote from paragraph 1:

"Very young infants have been shown to be capable of relating what they feel with what they see." 

Option E:

1. First, create an APA citation (the full citation that would go at the end of a project or on a References page) for this source:

2. Then, create an APA in-text citation for this direct quote from timestamp 3:17

"We're bringing ourselves back to the traditional way of doing things and that helps us become spiritually healthy"

Option F:

1. First, create an APA citation (the full citation that would go at the end of a project or on a References page) for this source:

2. Then, create an APA in-text citation for this direct quote from timestamp 7:17

"But the first thing that we have to do in order to have those conversations is that we need to be able to do the self-reflection piece on ourselves and try to figure out if there are any biases that we have"

Option G:

1. First, create an APA citation (the full citation that would go at the end of a project or on a References page) for this source:

2. Then, create an APA in-text citation for this direct quote from page 109:

"The central nervous system (CNS) and the brain structure are the most sensitive and vulnerable structures to the effects of alcohol and can be affected by low, moderate and heavy alcohol use, especially binge drinking, at any point in gestation."