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You must cite any direct quotation, summary, or paraphrase of any idea or fact from your research. Citing sources is giving credit to the original author and publication where you found the information. Not citing sources is plagiarism and you may be subject to academic discipline.
By referencing the work of scholars and other professionals, you demonstrate that your own research is based on solid, reliable information and that you are capable of critical thinking by being able to synthesize that research into your own.
By citing sources, you provide the information readers of your paper need in order to locate the same sources that you did.
Part of your research is built upon the research of other people. In the scholarship tradition in the United States, it is considered respectful and fair to give them credit for their hard work (just as you might hope someone would give you credit if they were quoting your own work!)
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication). Title of article: Subtitle if any. Name of Journal, Volume Number(Issue Number), first page number-last page number. DOI formatted as a hyperlink
| Example |
Bailey, N.W. (2012). Evolutionary models of extended phenotypes. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 27(3), 561-569. https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000126 |
| In-Text Paraphrase |
(Author's Last Name, Year) Example: (Bailey, 2012) |
| In-Text Quote |
(Author's Last Name, Year, p. Page Number) (Bailey, 2012, p. 562) |
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given., & Last Name of Second Author, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication). Title of article: Subtitle if any. Name of Journal, Volume Number(Issue Number), first page number-last page number. DOI formatted as a hyperlink
Note: Separate the authors' names by putting a comma between them. For the final author listed add an ampersand (&) after the comma and before the final author's last name.
| Example |
Pempek, T.A., Yermolayeva, Y.A., & Calvert, S.L. (2009). College students' social networking experiences on Facebook. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 3(2), 227-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2008.12.010t |
| In-Text | See Chart Below "In-Text Citation For Two or More Authors/Editors" |
| Number of Authors/Editors | First Time Paraphrased | Second and Subsequent Times Paraphrased | First Time Quoting | Second and Subsequent Times Quoting |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Two |
(Case & Daristotle, 2011) |
(Case & Daristotle, 2011) |
(Case & Daristotle, 2011, p. 57) | (Case & Daristotle, 2011, p. 57) |
| Three or more |
(Case et al.,2011) |
(Case et al., 2011) | (Case et al., 2011, p. 57) | (Case et al., 2011, p. 57) |
List the first nineteen authors followed by three spaced ellipse points (. . .) , and then the last author's name.
| Example |
Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Sha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, K. C., Ropepelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetmaa, A., ... Joesph, D. (1996). The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77(3), 437-471. https://doi.org/fg6rf9 |
| In-Text Paraphrase |
(First author's last name et al., Year) Example: (Kalnay et al., 1996) |
| In-Text Quote |
(First author's last name et al., Year, p. Page number quote is from) Example: (Kalnay et al., 1996, p. 439) |
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication). Title of article: Subtitle if any. Name of Journal, Volume Number(Issue Number), first page number-last page number.
Note: The APA Manual (7th ed.) recommends not including the database or the URL of the journal home page for online articles without a DOI.
| Example |
Carlisle, D. (2012). In the line of fire. Nursing Standard, 26(39), 18-19. |
| In-Text Paraphrase |
(Author's Last Name, Year) Example: (Carlisle, 2012) |
| In-Text Quote |
(Author's Last Name, Year, p. Page Number) Example: (Carlisle, 2012, p. 18) |
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given., & Last Name of Second Author, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication). Title of article: Subtitle if any. Name of Journal, Volume Number(Issue Number), first page number-last page number if given.
Note: In the reference list invert all authors' names; give last names and initials for only up to and including twenty authors. When a source has twenty-one or more authors, include the first twenty authors’ names, then three ellipses (…), and add the last author’s name.
Note: The APA Manual (7th ed.) recommends not including the library database for journal articles without a DOI as these works are widely available.
| Example |
Bogan, E., & Paun, E. (2011). The assimilation of immigrants into the British labor market. Geopolitics, History, and International Relations, 3(2), 272. |
| In-Text | See Chart Below "In-Text Citation For Two or More Authors/Editors" |
| Number of Authors/Editors | First Time Paraphrased | Second and Subsequent Times Paraphrased | First Time Quoting | Second and Subsequent Times Quoting |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Two |
(Case & Daristotle, 2011) |
(Case & Daristotle, 2011) |
(Case & Daristotle, 2011, p. 57) | (Case & Daristotle, 2011, p. 57) |
| Three or more |
(Case et al.,2011) |
(Case et al., 2011) | (Case et al., 2011, p. 57) | (Case et al., 2011, p. 57) |
List the first nineteen authors followed by three spaced ellipse points (. . .) , and then the last author's name.
| Example |
Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Sha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, K. C., Ropepelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetmaa, A., ... Joesph, D. (1996). The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77(3), 437-471. |
| In-Text Paraphrase |
(First author's last name et al., Year) Example: (Kalnay et al., 1996) |
| In-Text Quote |
(First author's last name et al., Year, p. Page number quote is from) Example: (Kalnay et al., 1996, p. 439) |
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication). Title of article: Subtitle if any. Name of Journal, Volume Number(Issue Number if given). URL
| Example |
Flachs, A. (2010). Food for thought: The social impact of community gardens in the Greater Cleveland Area. Electronic Green Journal, 1(30). https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6bh7j4z4 |
| In-Text Paraphrase |
(Author's Last Name, Year) (Flachs, 2010) |
| In-Text Quote |
(Author's Last Name, Year, p. Page Number) Example: (Flachs, 2010, Conclusion section, para. 3) Note: In this example, there were no visible page numbers or paragraph numbers, so you can cite the section heading and the number of the paragraph in that section to identify where your quote came from. |
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication). Title of article: Subtitle if any. Name of Journal, Volume Number(Issue Number), first page number-last page number.
| Example |
Jungers, W.L. (2010). Biomechanics: Barefoot running strikes back. Nature, 463(2), 433-434. |
| In-Text Paraphrase |
(Author's Last Name, Year) Example: (Jungers, 2010) |
| In-Text Quote |
(Author's Last Name, Year, p. Page number) Example: (Jungers, 2010, p. 433) |
APA (American Psychological Association) Style is used in Social Science disciplines, like Psychology and Education. Always consult your assignment or ask your instructor for the correct citation style to use
Scholarship is a Conversation!
This hands-on workshop will help you understand why and how to give credit in your academic work and beyond.
See below for a link to our online asynchronous tutorial in Canvas.
You can take an online version of the workshop through our online NoodleTools Citation Tutorial in Canvas or the NoodleTools How-To Guide!
