Basic Format - PARAPHRASING:
(Author's Last Name, Date of Publication)
Basic Format - DIRECT QUOTATIONS
(Author's Last Name, Date of Publication, p. #)
| Explanation | Example |
|---|---|
|
Chocolate is often viewed as a junk food, but its value as unique nutritional source should not be underestimated. In fact, a survey of early South Pole explorer diaries shows that larger chocolate rations “may have been a deciding factor between Roald Amundsen’s successful trek to the South Pole and the fatal attempt by Robert Scott” (West, 2009, p. 110). The fact that chocolate was not seen as a frivolity, but deemed important enough staple to pack on these grueling expeditions is a testament to its value in the human diet. Also, there is the more modern comparison that M&M’s chocolate candies were chosen for military expeditions in World War II because they were an energy boosting snack that also did not easily melt (Mirrer, 2018). |
One Author
(Last Name, year).
Two Authors
(Last Name & Last Name, year).
Three or more Authors
(Last Name, et al., year).
Strong, et al. (1999) compared marital fidelity...
No Author
(“Shortened Title,” year).
...incidence of drought increased 10% (“Weather Patterns,” 2009).
[full title = “Weather patterns wreak havoc for Oklahoma farmers”]
No Date
(Last Name, n.d.).
...Orissi dance has undergone a major revival since the 1950s (Gupta, n.d.)
With Page Number
(Last Name, year, p. #).
With No Page Number
(Last Name, year, name of section heading or para. #).
[if possible include heading names or paragraph numbers to help readers locate the passage]
Secondary Source: when your source quotes from another, secondary source
(Secondary Source, year, as cited in Your Source, year, p. #).
Example sources:
Follow guidelines for citing source type and add letters (a, b, c...etc.) after date
| Example |
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022a). Measles. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/diseases/measles Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022b). Mumps. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/diseases/mumps World Health Organization. (n.d.-a). Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants. https://www.who.int/activities/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants World Health Organization. (n.d.-b). https://www.who.int/campaigns/vaccine-equity |
| In-Text Paraphrase |
(Author, Year, letter) Example: (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2023b) Example: (World Health Organization, n.d.-a) |
| In-Text Quote |
(Author, Year, letter, page number or para.) Example: (College of Nurses of Ontario, 2023b, para. 5) Example: (World Health Organization, n.d-a, section 4, para. 2) |
from APA Manual Seventh Edition 8.19, 9.47
