Many companies post public information online on their freely accessible websites. While you won't find confidential or competitive information here, there is still much to be learned.
EDGAR, the electronic Data Gathering, Analysis, and Retrieval system collects Form 10-K and other documents submitted by companies and others who are required by law to file financial information with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
This links to the free and no-frills online version of the encyclopedia. Search here for overviews of industries, including structure, background & development, conditions, the workforce, and more. The discussion of industry leaders in each industry is helpful for research into a specific company.