Research Guide: Citations

APA In-Text Citations

In-Text Citations (APA)

Basic Format - PARAPHRASING:
(Author's Last Name, Date of Publication)

Basic Format - DIRECT QUOTATIONS
(Author's Last Name, Date of Publication, p. #)

Explanation Example
  • When you paraphrase information or quote directly from a source, you must cite the source within the body of your essay or your presentation
     
  • In-text citations are shortened versions of the full citations that you must include on the References page at the end of your essay or presentation
  • example of an in-text citation for a quote: (West, 2009, p. 110).
  • example of an in-text citation for a paraphrase: (Mirrer, 2018).

 

Chocolate is often viewed as a junk food, but its value as unique nutritional source should not be underestimated. In fact, a survey of early South Pole explorer diaries shows that larger chocolate rations “may have been a deciding factor between Roald Amundsen’s successful trek to the South Pole and the fatal attempt by Robert Scott” (West, 2009, p. 110). The fact that chocolate was not seen as a frivolity, but deemed important enough staple to pack on these grueling expeditions is a testament to its value in the human diet. Also, there is the more modern comparison that M&M’s chocolate candies were chosen for military expeditions in World War II because they were an energy boosting snack that also did not easily melt (Mirrer, 2018).

Paraphrasing

Basic Format:
(Author's Last Name, Date of Publication)

 

One Author
(Last Name, year).

  • A recent study of Korean elders found... (Rodriguez, 2003).
  • Rodriguez (2003) found that Korean elders...  

Two Authors
(Last Name & Last Name, year).

  • ...concluded that obesity is a major risk factor (Hepburn & Hafiz, 2001).
  • Hepburn and Hafiz (2001) concluded that obesity... 

Three or more Authors
(Last Name, et al., year).

  • A comparison of marital fidelity (Strong et al., 1999) showed…    
  • Strong, et al. (1999) compared marital fidelity...                 

No Author
(“Shortened Title,” year).

...incidence of drought increased 10%  (“Weather Patterns,” 2009).                     

[full title = “Weather patterns wreak havoc for Oklahoma farmers”]

No Date
(Last Name, n.d.).

...Orissi dance has undergone a major revival since the 1950s (Gupta, n.d.)


Direct Quotes

Basic Format:
(Author's Last Name, Date of Publication, p. #)

 

With Page Number
(Last Name, year, p. #).

  • “Social inclusion helps Korean elders avoid clinical depression” (Rodriguez, 2003, p. 13).
  • “Surprisingly the rate of male infidelity is not dramatically different than that of female infidelity” (Strong et al., 1999, p. 222).     

With No Page Number 
(Last Name, year, name of section heading or para. #).

  • “Visualization techniques have proven effective for breast cancer patients” (Smith, 1997, Mind over Matter section, para. 6).

[if possible include heading names or paragraph numbers to help readers locate the passage]

Secondary Source: when your source quotes from another, secondary source
(Secondary Source, year, as cited in Your Source, year, p. #).

  • There is a “crucible of health inequity, systemic racism, and sexism in which Black pregnant people choose to mother” (Egede & Walker, 2020, as cited in Kemet et al., 2021, p. 779).

    [Kemet is your source. Kemet cited Egede & Walker. You are citing Egede & Walker as a secondary source that you accessed through Kemet. You only include the full citation for Kemet in your References page, not Egede & Walker]

Example sources:


Order of Sources with Same Author and Date

Follow guidelines for citing source type and add letters (a, b, c...etc.) after date

Example

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022a). Measles. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/diseases/measles

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022b). Mumps. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/diseases/mumps

World Health Organization. (n.d.-a). Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants. https://www.who.int/activities/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants

World Health Organization. (n.d.-b). https://www.who.int/campaigns/vaccine-equity
 

In-Text Paraphrase

(Author, Year, letter)

Example: (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2023b)

Example: (World Health Organization, n.d.-a)

In-Text Quote

(Author, Year, letter, page number or para.)

Example: (College of Nurses of Ontario, 2023b, para. 5)

Example: (World Health Organization, n.d-a, section 4, para. 2)

from APA Manual Seventh Edition 8.19, 9.47

Quick Guide - APA

Quick Guide - APA Citation Style

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